How To Draw The Presidential Seal

Seal

Seal of the President of the U.s. of America

Armiger	President of the United States
Adopted	Unknown (current definition from 1945)
Crest	Behind and to a higher place the eagle a radiating glory Or, on which appears an arc of thirteen cloud puffs proper, and a constellation of thirteen mullets argent
Blazon	Paleways of xiii pieces argent and gules, a chief azure
Supporters	An American eagle displayed holding in his dexter talon an olive co-operative and in his sinister a bundle of thirteen arrows all proper, and in his nib a white scroll inscribed E PLURIBUS UNUM sable
Motto	E pluribus unum
Other elements	The whole surrounded by white stars arranged in the form of an annulet with one point of each star outward on the imaginary radiating middle lines, the number of stars conforming to the number of stars in the matrimony of the Flag of the Usa
Use	On documents from the U.Due south. president to the U.S. Congress, and equally a symbol on presidential vehicles, podiums, and other places

The seal of the president of the United States is used to mark correspondence from the president of the United States to the U.S. Congress, and is also used equally a symbol of the presidency itself. The central design, based on the Great Seal of the United states of america, is the official coat of arms of the U.Southward. presidency and as well appears on the presidential flag.

The presidential seal adult past custom over a long period before being defined in law, and its early history remains obscure.^[ane] The employ of presidential seals goes back at least to 1850, and probably much before. The bones design of today'southward seal originated with Rutherford B. Hayes, who was the first to use the coat of arms on White Firm invitations in 1877. The precise design dates from 1945, when President Truman specified it in Executive Order 9646. The merely changes since were in 1959 and 1960, which added 49th and 50th stars to the circumvolve post-obit the admissions of Alaska and Hawaii as states.

Design and symbolism [edit]

The electric current seal is divers in Executive Order 10860, made by President Dwight D. Eisenhower on February 5, 1960, and effective since July iv, 1960. It states:^[two]

The Coat of Arms of the President of the U.s.a. shall be of the post-obit design:

SHIELD: Paleways of thirteen pieces silver and gules, a main azure; upon the breast of an American eagle displayed holding in his dexter talon an olive branch and in his sinister a bundle of thirteen arrows all proper, and in his beak a white scroll inscribed "E PLURIBUS UNUM" sable.

CREST: Behind and to a higher place the hawkeye a radiating glory Or, on which appears an arc of xiii cloud puffs proper, and a constellation of xiii mullets argent.

The whole surrounded past white stars arranged in the class of an annulet with one signal of each star outward on the imaginary radiating center lines, the number of stars conforming to the number of stars in the union of the Flag of the Usa as established by chapter 1 of title four of the U.s.a. Lawmaking.

The Seal of the President of the Us shall consist of the Glaze of Arms encircled by the words "Seal of the President of the United States."

The blazon (design) is essentially the same as the obverse of the Great Seal of the U.s.a. as defined in 1782, although with some extra colors specified, and a dissimilar organisation of the stars, clouds, and glory than is typically seen in mod versions of the Great Seal. The just purely singled-out element is the ring of l stars, representing the 50 states. Likewise, the symbolism follows that of the Cracking Seal:

The stripes on the shield stand for the xiii original states, unified nether and supporting the principal. The motto (meaning "Out of many, 1") alludes to the same concept.
The arc of thirteen clouds, and the thirteen stars, also refer to the original thirteen states.
The olive branch and arrows announce the powers of peace and war.

Uses [edit]

Official use [edit]

The Presidential Seal podium plaque, Apr 2022

The actual seal die is only used on correspondence from the president to the United States Congress, endmost the envelopes with wax seals. This has been the chief use throughout the seal's history, though isolated uses accept been made for correspondence with other members of government. Documents signed past the president when representing the nation are instead sealed with the Great Seal of the Usa.^[three]

Strictly speaking, the brass die used at the White House is the just actual seal of the president — other versions are technically "facsimiles". The Bureau of Engraving and Printing has other dies, used to produce such facsimiles on documents, stationery, and invitations as requested by the White House.^[4] Other versions of the seal are often used equally a visual symbol to represent the president, and are most frequently seen:

on the lectern at presidential press conferences and campaign rallies
on the sides of presidential transports Air Force One, Marine One, and the presidential limousine
at the center of the ceiling in the Oval Office of the White Business firm
affixed to the balcony of the Due south Portico during a State Inflow Ceremony

The presidential coat of arms (the central device on the seal, i.eastward. without the encircling "SEAL OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES" legend) has even wider usage. It appears:

on the presidential flag

Reverse of the Kennedy One-half dollar, 1964–1975, 1977–nowadays

on the reverse of the Kennedy one-half dollar (encircled with "U.s.a. OF AMERICA" on the top and "HALF DOLLAR" on the bottom). For the Us Bicentennial, a depiction of Independence Hall was used on the reverse of the coin. The seal returned to the reverse starting in 1977.
at the eye of the iconic oval rug in the Oval Part of the White House (each president typically designs his own, but nearly rugs since President Truman have used the arms^[five]).
incorporated into the Presidential Service Bluecoat issued to U.s. Military personnel.
on many versions of presidential mainland china, such as the Wilson or Reagan china, which is often used at country dinners at the White House.
at the burial sites of one-time presidents (e.g., Wilson and Reagan).

Regulated use [edit]

In general, commercial employ of the seal is prohibited by 18 USC 713^[6] of the United States Lawmaking, and further divers by Executive Orders 11916 and 11649. The United States Secret Service is authorized to utilize the seal in conjunction with fund raising sales for its charitable do good fund.

Unofficial use of the seal is regulated by the White House Graphics and Calligraphy Function and monitored by the function of the White Firm Counsel. On September 28, 2005, Grant G. Dixton, associate counsel to George W. Bush, requested that the satirical newspaper The Onion remove the presidential seal from its website.^[7] ^[eight] The Graphic and Calligraphy Role will approve of the seal's employ in application of official gifts, an instance being its awarding to a silvery cigarette box presented equally a gift to Franklin Roosevelt.

History [edit]

The early on history of the president'south seal remains obscure, every bit there is substantially no tape on early usage, nor when its utilize started.^[i] It appears that the primary use was to seal the envelopes on correspondence from the president to Congress, and the envelopes were presumably discarded fifty-fifty if the correspondence was kept, so there is little record remaining.^[ix] The first documented seal was in 1850 (which almost certainly was not the first one), and the pattern used on today's seal had its origins in a coat of arms used on invitations by President Hayes in 1877. It was not defined in law until an executive social club by President Truman in 1945.

Seal of the President of the Congress of the Confederation [edit]

1885 drawing (left), and photo of a 1783 envelope

During the menses of the Congress of the Confederation, prior to the creation of the U.S. federal government and thus the presidency, the president of the Continental Congress (a by and large formalism position, elected to preside over meetings) had a seal. It was a small oval, with the crest from the recently adopted Great Seal (the radiant constellation of thirteen stars surrounded by clouds) in the heart, with the motto E Pluribus Unum to a higher place information technology. Much like today'southward presidential seal, the primary purpose was plain to seal envelopes on correspondence sent to the Congress. Benson Lossing (writing in 1856) claimed it was used by all the presidents of the Congress after 1782, though merely two examples from Thomas Mifflin are documented today: Lossing described a 1784 letter,^[10] and Commodore Byron McCandless (while doing research for the 1945 seal redesign) photographed a seal on a November 17, 1783 Mifflin letter to the Governor of Rhode Isle. An 1885 article from the Daily Graphic included an original engraving of the seal supposedly from a 1784 letter; it is not known if this was only based on Lossing'southward version or if they had a split impression. None of these impressions are known to withal exist, and no confirmation of an order for this seal (proving an official status) has been found in Continental Congress records.^[11]

This seal'south use apparently did not pass over to the new authorities in 1789.

Dorsett seal [edit]

Dorsett seal, reversed photograph

In 1894, Palemon Howard Dorsett (a lifelong Department of Agriculture employee) turned up with a metal dice very similar to the original die of the Slap-up Seal, except that the arrows and the olive branch were switched, indicating an intentional "divergence" to distinguish it from the actual Great Seal. The die had plain been owned past George Washington, though at that place are no known uses of this dice, and there fifty-fifty is no indication it could actually be used equally a seal. The origins and purpose of this die remain unknown, though the authors of a 1978 book on the Nifty Seal speculated information technology was a gift to Washington and perhaps an early version (or forerunner) of a presidential seal.^[12] The Dorsett seal was after loaned to the Mount Vernon Ladies' Clan to be displayed at Washington's manor.^[13]

Early presidential seals [edit]

There is petty extant prove of any seals actually used by early on U.Southward. presidents. One possibility is a letter from 1835, sent from Paris to President Jackson then forwarded to the Department of Country. The envelope has a small-scale round red wax seal, with the upper portion appearing to have a circle of cloud puffs like to the Nifty Seal, with rays of a glory. However, the balance of the design has been obliterated, and then naught farther tin be adamant, and no other uses of this seal have been constitute.^[xiv]

The documented history begins in 1850, when a seal was made later a crude drawing submitted past President Fillmore. It depicted an hawkeye "displayed with wings inverted", i.e. with its wingtips down, belongings an olive branch and iii arrows in its talons. The shield is essentially the same every bit the Great Seal, with a blue chief and red and white stripes and the eagle facing to its correct, though there were nineteen stripes and the outermost stripes were red, both unlike the Great Seal. Thirty-one stars were distributed higher up and around the hawkeye, indicating that the seal dates from later when California became the 31st country in September 1850. Information technology was made by Edward Stabler, a farmer and postmaster in Sandy Spring, Maryland, who had earlier made seals for the Senate, Business firm of Representatives, and several authorities departments.^[15] ^[sixteen] Stabler had likewise made a seal for the vice president in 1846, and the correspondence surrounding it indicated that even earlier vice presidential seals existed, then presumably earlier presidential seals existed equally well.^[17] The president'south seal was described by Benson Lossing in 1856 every bit "round, with an hawkeye upon it" (contrasting information technology to the seal used during the Continental Congress).^[ten]

"The Old Seal", possibly from the 1840s

The information on Fillmore's seal is from an 1885 article in the Daily Graphic, and (according to Daniel S. Lamont, the individual secretarial assistant to President Cleveland and one of the commodity's sources) the 1850 seal was still in use at that time and was used to seal envelopes sent to either house of Congress. The commodity claims that Stabler made two seals, the other being a smaller 1 for use on letters, and stated that both were illustrated in the commodity. While the large seal was illustrated, the rendering of a smaller seal was labeled the "Old Seal" and had only twenty-seven stars, seeming to indicate it would date from 1845 during James K. Polk'southward administration rather than existence a smaller 1850 seal. While Fillmore did apply a personal seal (a unproblematic script F in a round edge) information technology does non appear that this was the smaller seal mentioned. The design on the "Old Seal" was quite like to the large version, though it was a unlike rendering of the eagle with pocket-sized differences in positioning. The inscriptions were also slightly unlike; the large seal had THE SEAL OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE Us, while the smaller one (like the nowadays-24-hour interval version) omitted the discussion "The" at the beginning.^[15]

Lincoln's seal [edit]

The Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum owns a small seal used by Abraham Lincoln, which was previously a part of the Taper Collection. It is about the size of a penny, has an ivory handle, and is still encrusted with reddish wax.^[18] ^[19] The pattern is exactly the same equally the one labeled the "Old Seal" in the Daily Graphic commodity, except it has 36 stars (Nevada became the 36th land in October 1864).^[20] ^[23] A 1927 book also describes a red wax presidential seal on a alphabetic character from Lincoln to Hiram Barney.^[24]

In September 1864, an engraver named J. Baumgarten from Baltimore, Maryland made and sent Lincoln an unsolicited seal, marked with "A Lincoln" on its side, meant for personal use. Baumgarten also claimed to accept made seals of the "same programme" for both Presidents Fillmore and Buchanan.^[25] This was just prior to Nevada becoming the 36th state, but as the design of this seal is not described, and no reply from Lincoln is known and no payment is recorded,^[26] it is not possible to know if information technology was the aforementioned 36-star seal, something similar to the simple F seal used by Fillmore, an entirely different seal, or if it was used at all. Baumgarten may well have been related to Selig Baumgarten, an engraver who emigrated to Baltimore from Hanover with 8 children in 1852. One of Selig's sons, Herman Baumgarten, after engraved the 1877 version of the Cracking Seal.^[27] ^[xxx]

Hayes blueprint [edit]

President Hayes was the get-go to use the presidential coat of arms on White House invitations, and the design used was the directly precursor to the mod version. Its offset appearance was in Apr 1877, about six weeks after his inauguration. The eagle's wings were shown "displayed" (wingtips upward), with an arc of cloud puffs betwixt the wings, and thirteen stars scattered below the arc and surrounding a roll reading Due east Pluribus Unum. The eagle's head was turned to its left toward the arrows for the first time, a feature which would terminal until 1945. The eagle itself was like to the Slap-up Seal rendering at the fourth dimension (prior to the more than robust eagle used in the 1885 redesign of the Bully Seal). The designer of this embossing is not known; with pocket-sized variations it was used on invitations until the early years of President Wilson's administration.^[31]

James Trenchard'due south 1786 Bully Seal, and an 1846 letterhead from President Polk

The design using the arc of clouds is reminiscent of an early rendering of the Slap-up Seal made by James Trenchard in 1786, which was and so after used on Indian Peace Medals handed out past President Washington. It is also very similar to a blueprint seen on the letterhead of a proclamation by President Polk in 1846, which also had the eagle facing its left but additionally switched the olive branch and arrows so the head was notwithstanding looking towards the co-operative. (Earlier proclamation letterheads, and fifty-fifty the Andrew Jackson White House china, also switched the arrows and branch and had the hawkeye facing to its left, though they were completely different designs otherwise.^[32]) Other influences may take been some U.South. coins and President Grant's people's republic of china, which used the general design of an arc of clouds though the rest of the details were different.^[33]

Presidential seal from an 1894 book (left), and a 1936 impression of the aforementioned

The actual seal used by the president was inverse to have a similar pattern, though apparently not at the time. The Daily Graphic article reported the 1850 seal was still in use in 1885, but the change had been made by 1894, as an impression of this new seal was obtained from Henry T. Thurber (President Cleveland'south private secretary) for apply in a book on heraldry. This version moved closer to the mod design, with the words OF THE in smaller capital letters than the other words (a feature which is still used), and the layout of stars being slightly changed into essentially the arrangement notwithstanding used today.^[34] This seal remained in use until 1945, every bit Gaillard Hunt confirmed the blueprint was still current every bit of 1916, and it besides matches actual impressions taken from the presidential seal in 1936 during Franklin Roosevelt'due south administration.^[35] The design continued to evolve in other places in the concurrently, particularly the presidential flag, and these evolved designs were used when the seal was inverse once again in 1945.

Martiny plaque [edit]

Martiny plaque, and Oval Office ceiling

During renovations in early 1903, a bronze inlaid version of the seal was placed in the flooring of the Anteroom of the White House, directly under the lantern. Information technology was fabricated from a model past the sculptor Philip Martiny, who followed the general organization of the Hayes artillery just used considerable artistic license with the details. The hawkeye is substantially altered, with differently-shaped wings and thickly feathered legs. The shape of the shield was different, and the stars were arranged differently, with all stars appearing higher up the scroll using an arc of 10 stars with 3 more directly underneath. The ringlet'southward inscription was E·PLVRIBVS·VNVM.^[36]

President Truman afterwards felt that it was not correct for people to walk over it,^[37] and so when the White Firm was renovated again in 1948 he had the seal removed and placed over the door to the Diplomatic Reception Room, where it nonetheless is today.^[38] The plaster seal in the Oval Office ceiling (originally installed in 1934 and at some point changed so the eagle faces to its right) is also based on this pattern,^[39] ^[forty] and a version is in the floor next to Wilson's tomb in the Washington National Cathedral.

Bailey Banks & Biddle representation [edit]

The Bailey Banks & Biddle print used during discussions; annotations from McCandless are on the right

In 1916 President Wilson decided to make a change in the presidential flag, the Navy version of which used the Corking Seal on a blueish background (there was a competing pattern from the Army, which was different just also used the Groovy Seal). The Aide to the Secretary of the Navy, Lt. Commander Byron McCandless, suggested adding four stars to the Navy version. Wilson however wanted the "president'south eagle" used on the flag instead, showing McCandless the Martiny plaque as an case.^[41] Wilson at some point obtained a color print of the president's seal, probably from the Philadelphia firm of Bailey Banks & Biddle, which was also used in the discussions. The eagle in this version was more based on the 1885 Great Seal, and is essentially the design used in the modern seal — the style and details of the hawkeye, the rays of the celebrity, the system of the 13 stars, and the cloud puffs take all been carried over into the electric current version.^[42]

This pattern was used for the 1916 flag, and too on subsequent presidential invitations and Wilson's presidential china, pregnant the coat of artillery was effectively inverse equally well. The actual presidential seal die was not changed at the fourth dimension, though a 1917 McCandless publication on flags did show the new design as its depiction the seal.^[43]

The 1945 seal [edit]

Illustration from the 1945 executive order, with 48 stars

In March 1945, President Roosevelt (who had been Assistant Secretary of the Navy during Wilson's administration and was involved in the iv-star 1916 presidential flag design^[41]) noted that the flags for the new ranks of Fleet Admiral and Full general of the Ground forces both had v stars, and asked the Army and Navy Departments for suggestions. The Secretary of the Navy (whose flag also had four stars) replied that there was no issue, as the combination of four stars and the Coat of Artillery of the Presidential Seal was indicative of college rank.^[44]

Roosevelt persisted though, and in March sent a query to Commodore Byron McCandless, then commanding the Naval Repair Base in San Diego, California. Roosevelt died on April 12, before McCandless could answer, simply President Truman expressed a standing involvement in the matter and eventually a long reply was sent. McCandless recommended irresolute the four stars such that they were each fabricated of 12 small stars, arranged in the shape of a larger six-pointed star; the four large stars would correspond Roosevelt'south Four Freedoms, the 48 full stars would represent the states, and the six-pointed star would be representative of the president's rank above five-star generals and admirals. Truman however disliked the idea of representing relative rank, and instead decided on a uncomplicated circumvolve of 48 stars.^[45]

The proposed design was sent to the War and Navy Departments for annotate. In a memorandum dated August 22, 1945 Arthur East. DuBois, the chief of the Heraldic Section of the Army'southward Office of the Quartermaster Full general (forerunner to the Army Institute of Heraldry), made several suggestions. He recommended making the eagle in total color per heraldic tradition (the presidential flag of the time depicted the eagle every bit entirely white), and recommended against using 48 stars, assertive that flags and seals should non be discipline to external changes such as adding additional states and instead suggested a band of 13 stars. DuBois also noted that the seal had never had an official definition, meaning there was as well no explanation for the eagle facing to its left instead of the typical heraldic custom of having such figures face to their right ("dexter"), which is considered the honorable side. Therefore, he recommended changing the direction the eagle faced, and provided an analogy forth with a suggested blazon to be used in an official description.^[46] Truman agreed with nigh of these suggestions, additionally liking that the hawkeye would now face towards the olive branches (which he felt was symbolic of a nation on the march and dedicated to peace,^[47] ^[48]), but decided to proceed the 48 stars. Truman likewise considered adding a lightning issue to the arrows as a reference to the atomic bomb, but afterwards decided against it. On August 28 Truman had DuBois make a model containing all the terminal decisions, which was then canonical.^[49]

On Oct 25, 1945, President Truman issued Executive Order 9646, which officially divers the presidential coat of arms and seal for the first time, and unified the blueprint between the seal and the flag. The simply changes since have been to add stars to the outer circle.

The actual die of the new seal was start used on Dec five, 1945.^[50]

The 1959 and 1960 changes [edit]

Illustration from the 1960 executive order

Alaska was admitted as the 49th state on January 3, 1959, which caused the 49th star to be added to the Usa flag on the following July 4. On May 26, President Eisenhower issued Executive Order 10823, which added a 49th star to the outer ring on the presidential glaze of artillery (and therefore the seal and flag too), also constructive on July four. The order was otherwise identical to Truman's order, which it replaced. Hawaii was admitted as the 50th state on Baronial 21, 1959, and Eisenhower duly issued Executive Order 10860 on February 5, 1960 (effective July 4, 1960) to add the 50th star to the coat of arms. Once over again, it was identical to the previous orders other than the number of stars. This remains the official definition today.^[51]

Because the upcoming admission of Hawaii would cause a further modify the following twelvemonth, no seal dies were made in 1959 with 49 stars, and the 1945 dies continued in employ. New dies with 50 stars were made by the Bureau of Engraving and Press only afterward the 1960 executive order came into effect.^[52]

Misconception [edit]

A popular but erroneous myth is that the seal is changed during times of war, so that the eagle faces the arrows in its left talon. This conventionalities may take arisen because major changes to the seal have coincidentally been fabricated before or afterward wars – specifically, the 1945 change in the seal, and also the 1916 change in the flag (though not the seal) from the right-facing Great Seal to the left-facing presidential seal.^[47]

This misconception may besides have arisen from a annotate made past Winston Churchill, who (regarding Truman'due south redesign of the seal) joked: "Mr. President, with the greatest respect, I would prefer the American eagle's neck to be on a swivel so that it could face the olive branches or the arrows, as the occasion might demand".^[53]

The belief is perpetuated by a 2000 episode of The West Fly entitled "What Kind of Day Has Information technology Been?". Character Admiral Fitzwallace, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, notes that the presidential seal in the center of the Oval Office carpet contains a shield bearing a bald eagle clutching the olive branch in its correct talons and arrows in its left. The eagle'south head is turned toward the olive co-operative. Fitzwallace alleges that in times of war the Seal is replaced with one in which the eagle's caput is turned toward the arrows.^[54]

Similarly, the Dan Dark-brown novel Deception Point (2001) includes a passage implying that the seal embroidered on the carpet in the Oval Function is switched past White House workers. The novel states that an alternative rug is stored in the basement, and the workers make the modify overnight when no one notices.^[55]

In the 2007 pic National Treasure: Book of Secrets, there is a variation of the Presidential Seal that shows the eagle clutching a scroll. This variation is supposed to represent the president'south underground book that is passed down from president to president and contains the land's secrets.

Popular culture [edit]

The seal is sometimes used in modified class as a marketing tool, or to make a political statement. The punk rock group the Ramones used a personal variation of the seal as their logo, replacing the arrows with a baseball bat and the inscription around it with the members' names, and likewise changing the motto and the blueprint on the shield. Blink-182 and other bands have too used the logo on T-shirts. Some fashion brands (mainly for teenagers) have besides used the logo as an added design for accessories like numberless. In add-on, the animated card sequence on all DVDs of The West Fly contains a slightly altered version of the seal (xl stars, added land name, segmented ribbon). In the backing video for Skinny Puppy's "VX Gas Attack", featured on the Greater Wrong of the Right Alive DVD, another altered version of the seal is shown (the olive and arrows replaced with bleeding gas nozzles, and the hawkeye replaced with a skull). It is too used by rap group The Diplomats equally their trademark logo, except that the olive branch and arrows are unremarkably replaced by 2 guns and the give-and-take "Diplomats" is across the centre of the eagle. In the video game Metal Wolf Anarchy, the titular powered armor is piloted by President Michael Wilson, the protagonist, and is adorned with large images of the seal, although modified from the existent-life version.

2019 spoof incident [edit]

On July 23, 2022, President Donald Trump, the twoscore-5th president, gave an address to immature Republicans at the Turning Point The states Teen Student Activeness Summit 2022 in front of a screen onto which a spoof caricature of the seal was projected. The graphic was switched after 80 seconds. At the time, no one from the White Firm, the hosting facility, the hosting organization, or the summit organizers appears to have been aware of the commutation. The story was reported by the Washington Post on July 24, including photos and video of Trump speaking in front of the fake seal. Turning Point USA afterward blamed an audio-visual employee for the gaffe.^[56]

The "faux seal" showed a double-headed eagle, in the tradition of the Russian land (suggestive of Russian interference in U.South. politics). In i claw the arrows had been replaced with golf game clubs (representing the president's connection to the sport), while the other held a wad of green banknotes. The chief of the shield bore five white hammer-and-sickle devices; and the motto E pluribus unum had been replaced past the phrase 45 es un títere , Spanish for "Number 45 is a puppet".

The graphic had been designed and marketed in 2022 every bit a joke by Charles Leazott, a disillusioned Republican who opposed President Trump. He later commented that the unidentified perpetrator was "either wildly incompetent or the best troll e'er. Either way, I dearest them."^[57] ^[58] He subsequently displayed an prototype of Trump speaking before his seal pattern on the site for his related products.^[59]

References [edit]

^ ^a ^b Patterson, Richard South.; Dougall, Richardson (1978) [1976]. The Hawkeye and the Shield: A History of the Great Seal of the United states of america. Department of State Publication. Vol. 8900. Washington: Department of State. p. 409. LCCN 78602518. OCLC 4268298.
^ Eisenhower, Dwight D. (February 5, 1960). "Executive Order 10860—Coat of arms, seal, and flag of the President of the United States". The American Presidency Project.
^ The Hawkeye and the Shield, p. 455 (see footnote 15)
^ The Eagle and the Shield, pp. 454-456
^ Jensen, Derek. "Oval Office History". WhiteHouseMuseum.org.
^ "eighteen USC §713. Use of likenesses of the great seal of the United States,..." U.Due south. Code drove, Cornell University.
^ Seelye, Katharine Q. (October 24, 2005). "Protecting the Presidential Seal. No Joke". The New York Times. (TimesSelection subscription required)
^ "White House to Onion: Cease using seal". CNN. Archived from the original on 28 October 2005. Retrieved 25 October 2005.
^ The Eagle and the Shield, p. 422
^ ^a ^b Lossing, Benson J. (July 1856). "Bang-up Seal of the U.s.". Harper's New Monthly Mag. New York: Harper & Brothers. 13 (74): 184–5.
^ The Hawkeye and the Shield, pp. 562-566
^ The Eagle and the Shield, pp. 409-417
^ "The eagle and the shield : A history of the great seal of the Usa". 1978.
^ The Eagle and the Shield, p. 418
^ ^a ^b The Eagle and the Shield, pp. 418-420
^ The Eagle and the Shield, p. 423
^ The Eagle and the Shield, p. 458
^ Cornelius, James (June 30, 2008). "Illinois' Lincoln treasures". The Land Periodical-Annals.
^ Moonan, Wendy (February 8, 2008). "Poiret Designs at a Paris Sale". The New York Times.
^ "Lincoln Library Acquires Meaning Collection Of Lincoln Artifacts". Antiques and the Arts Online. June 27, 2007. Archived from the original on July nineteen, 2008.
^ "Alphabetize of Items". Abraham Lincoln Volume Shop. Direct prototype [1]
^ "Autographs and Manuscripts". The Rail Splitter; A Periodical for the Lincoln Collector. Straight image [2]
^ A couple of websites have sold wax impressions supposedly made from Lincoln's seal several decades agone. They show the same design as the "Old Seal" illustrated in the Daily Graphic article; once with a unlike number of stars^[21] and some other exactly identical, showing the 27 stars.^[22]
^ Lincoln, Abraham; Cushman, Esther Cowles (1927). Lincoln letters, hitherto unpublished, in the Library of Brown University and other Providence libraries. The University Library. p. 57.
^ Baumgarten, J. (September 7, 1864). "J. Baumgarten to Abraham Lincoln, Wednesday, September 07, 1864". The Abraham Lincoln Papers at the Library of Congress. and "J. Baumgarten to John 1000. Nicolay, Monday, Oct 03, 1864". October 3, 1864.
^ Holzer, Harold (1993). Dear Mr. Lincoln. Addison-Wesley. p. 221. ISBN978-0-201-63289-seven.
^ ^a ^b The Eagle and the Shield, pp. 223-225
^ Woods' Baltimore city directory (1864). Baltimore: John Due west. Woods. p. 36.
^ Southern Historical Society (1905). Papers. pp. 188–190.
^ Selig Baumgarten had an engraving shop with his son William on 45 Eastward Fayette St in 1864 according to the Baltimore City Directory;^[28] the address on the J. Baumgarten messages was nearby at 19 Eastward Fayette St. Amid Selig's sons were Herman Baumgarten (1849-1905), who later moved to Washington, D.C. and engraved the 1877 version of the Bang-up Seal, and Julius (1835-1915), who also had an engraving business organisation in Washington, D.C. both before and after the Civil War^[27] just at the fourth dimension was manifestly in Richmond, Virginia, involved with creating the seal and currency for the Confederate States of America until after the war.^[29] Herman'southward and Julius' sons later formed a combined company in Washington, D.C. which withal exists.[3]
^ The Eagle and the Shield, pp. 426-429
^ For example, an 1828 J.Q. Adams annunciation, an 1834 Jackson proclamation, and an 1838 Van Buren annunciation. The Jackson china can be seen at "White House People's republic of china Collection". WhiteHouseMuseum.org.
^ The Hawkeye and the Shield, p. 428 run across footnote 39
^ The Eagle and the Shield, pp. 429-431
^ The Eagle and the Shield, pp. 439-440
^ The Eagle and the Shield, pp. 430-432
^ "Guided Tour". Fourth dimension. February xviii, 1952. Archived from the original on January viii, 2022.
^ The Eagle and the Shield, p. 432
^ The Eagle and the Shield, p. 440-441
^ "The Presidency: New Quarters". TIME. 17 December 1934. Archived from the original on January 20, 2009.
^ ^a ^b The Eagle and the Shield, p. 434-435
^ The Eagle and the Shield, pp. forty-xli
^ The Eagle and the Shield, pp. 437-439
^ The Eagle and the Shield, p. 441
^ The Eagle and the Shield, pp. 441-443
^ The Eagle and the Shield, pp. 442-445
^ ^a ^b Snopes.com (2006). "A Turn of the Head". Retrieved 18 May 2006.
^ The Eagle and the Shield, p. 449, "In the new Coat of Artillery, Seal and Flag, the Eagle not merely faces to its right — the direction of honour — but also toward the olive branches of peace which it holds in its right talon. Formerly the eagle faced toward the arrows in its left talon — arrows, symbolic of war.", White House press release, October 25, 1945.
^ The Eagle and the Shield, pp. 446-447
^ The Hawkeye and the Shield, p. 450
^ The Eagle and the Shield, p. 451
^ The Eagle and the Shield, p. 454
^ Lawson, Robin. "The Genius and Wit of Winston Churchill". winstonchurchill.org. Archived from the original on 4 October 2006.
^ ""The West Wing" What Kind of Day Has It Been (TV Episode 2000)", IMDb , retrieved 2019-10-13
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^ "1 Term Donnie". Retrieved 29 December 2022.

External links [edit]

President of the United States Seal at the Wayback Car (archived February v, 2022) on United States Regular army Institute of Heraldry
U.S. Presidential Flag page on Flags of the World

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States

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